Mineral processing design and operation : an introduction /
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| Formato: | Libro |
| Lenguaje: | inglés |
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Amsterdam :
Elsevier,
2006.
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| Edición: | 1st ed. |
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Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction - 1.2. Statistical Terminology - 1.2.1. Mean - 1.2.2. Variance - 1.2.3. Confidence Intervals - 1.3. Mineral Particles Differing in Size - Gy's Method - 1.4. Mineral Particles of Different Density - 1.5. Incremental Sampling - 1.6. Continuous Sampling of Streams - 1.6.1. Linear Cutters - 1.6.2. Rotary Arc Cutter - 1.7. Sampling Ores of Precious Metals - 1.8. Sampling Nomographs - 1.9. Problems - References - 2.1. Introduction - 2.2. Methods of Size Estimation - 2.2.1. Microscopic Method - 2.2.2. Particle Size in Terms of Volume and Surface Area - 2.2.3. Sedimentation Method - Gravity Sedimentation - 2.2.4. Sedimentation Method - Centrifugal Sedimentation - 2.2.5. Laser Diffraction Method - 2.3. Particle Size Distribution - 2.3.1. Sieve Analysis - 2.3.2. Log-Normal Distribution - 2.3.3. Gaudin-Schuhmann Distribution - 2.3.4. Rosin-Rammler Distribution - 2.4.Combining Size Distributions - 2.5. Problems - References. Note continued: 3.1. Introduction - 3.2. Design of Size Reduction Processes - 3.3. Energy for Size Reduction - Work Index - 3.4. Estimation of Work Index for Crushers and Grinding Mills - 3.4.1. Bond Pendulum Test - 3.4.2. Narayanan and Whiten's Rebound Pendulum Test - 3.4.3. JKMRC-drop Weight Crushing Test - 3.4.4. SAG Mill Comminution (SMC) Test - 3.4.5. SAG Power Index (SPI) and SAGDesign Tests - 3.4.6. Bond Ball Mill Test - 3.4.7. Bond Rod Mill Standard Test - 3.5. Factors Affecting the Work Index - 3.5.1. Effect of the Test Screen Size on Work Index - 3.6. Approximation Methods for Work Index - 3.6.1. Magdalinovic Method - 3.6.2. Methods Using a Non-standard Mill and Charge - 3.6.3. Simulation Methods - 3.6.4. Work Index from Rock Mechanics - 3.6.5. Work Index by Chakrabarti's Statistical Method - 3.6.6. Work Index of Ore Blends - 3.6.7. Correlations between Comminution Parameters - 3.7. Work Index and Abrasion. Note continued: 3.7.1. Bond's Abrasion Test (Also Known as Allis Chalmers Abrasion Test) - 3.7.2. Metso Abrasiveness and Grindability Test - 3.7.3. JKMRC Abrasion Test - 3.8. Problems - References - 4.1. Introduction - 4.2. Design of Jaw Crushers - 4.2.1. Crusher Sizes and Power Ratings - 4.2.2. Jaw Crusher Circuits - 4.3. Jaw Crusher Operation - 4.3.1. Operating Functions - 4.4. Jaw Crusher Capacity Estimation - 4.4.1. Rose and English Method - 4.4.2. Taggart Method - 4.4.3. Broman Method - 4.4.4. Michaelson's Method - 4.4.5.Comparison of Methods - 4.5. Critical Operating Speed - 4.6. Power Consumption Estimation - 4.6.1. Rose and English Method - 4.6.2. Lynch Method - 4.6.3. Andersen and Napier Munn Method - 4.7. Problems - References - 5.1. Introduction - 5.2. Design of Gyratory Crushers - 5.2.1. Primary Crusher - 5.2.2. Secondary and Tertiary Cone Crushers - 5.3. Gyratory Crusher Circuit Design - 5.4. Gyratory Crusher Operation - 5.4.1. Gyrating Speed of Head. Note continued: 5.5. Capacity of Gyratory and Cone Crushers - 5.5.1. Gyratory Crushers - 5.5.2. Broman Method of Estimating Capacity of Gyratory Crushers - 5.5.3. Rose and English Method of Estimating Capacity of Gyratory Crushers - 5.5.4. Cone Crusher Capacity Estimation - 5.6. Power Consumption of Gyratory and Cone Crushers - 5.7. Problems - References - 6.1. Introduction - 6.2. Design of Roll Crushers - 6.2.1. Roll Crusher Sizes and Design - 6.2.2. Roll Design - 6.2.3. Roll Crusher Circuit Design - 6.3. Operation of Roll Crushers - 6.4. Capacity of Roll Crushers - 6.5. Power Consumption of Roll Crushers - 6.6. High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) - 6.6.1. Circuit Design and HPGR - 6.7. Operation of HPGR - 6.7.1. Estimation of Operating Pressure - 6.7.2. Estimation of Nip Angle - 6.7.3. Estimation of the Roll Gap - 6.7.4. Roll Speed - 6.7.5. Feed and Product Size - 6.8. Capacity of HPGR - 6.9. Power Consumption of HPGR - 6.10. Problems - References. Note continued: 7.1. Introduction - 7.2. Design of Tubular Mills - 7.3. Operation of Tubular Ball Mills - 7.3.1. Charge Volume - 7.3.2. Charge Height - 7.3.3. Ball Size at Initial Ball Charge - 7.3.4. Ball Size as Replacement - 7.3.5. Ball Wear - 7.3.6. Ball Bulk Density - 7.3.7. Ball Size Distribution - 7.3.8. Mill Rotation and Critical Speed - 7.3.9. Mill Conditions and Initial Ball Charge - 7.4. Estimation of Mill Capacity - 7.5. Mill Power Draw-Mechanical Methods - 7.5.1. Rose and Sullivan Method - 7.5.2. Nordberg (Metso) Method - 7.5.3. Blanc Method - 7.5.4. Bond Method - 7.5.5. Theoretical Mill Power Draw - 7.5.6. Electrical Drive of Ball Mills - 7.6. Problems - References - 8.1. Introduction - 8.2. Design of Rod Mills - 8.2.1. Design of Rod Mill-Ball Mill Circuits - 8.3. Operation of Rod Mills - 8.3.1. Rod Mill Charge - 8.3.2. Rod Length and Diameter for an Initial Charge - 8.3.3. Rod Diameter at Replacement - 8.3.4. Reduction Ratio in Rod Mills. Note continued: 8.4. Rod Mill Capacity - 8.5. Rod Mill Power Draft - 8.5.1. Mill Power Corrections - 8.6. Rod Mill Drive - 8.7. Problems - References - 9.1. Introduction - 9.2. Design of AG/SAG Mills - 9.2.1. Design of AG/SAG Circuits - 9.3. Operation of AG/SAG Mills - 9.3.1. Feed Size - 9.3.2. Mill Volume - 9.3.3. Mill Charge - 9.3.4. Mill Speed - 9.3.5. Effective Grinding Length - 9.3.6. Ball Wear - 9.4. AG/SAG Mill Power - 9.4.1. Normalised (Relative) Mill Power - 9.4.2.Net Power and No Load Power - 9.4.3. Mill Power, Load and Mill Operation - 9.5. Choice of Options between AG and SAG Mills - 9.6. Problems - References - 10.1. Introduction - 10.2. Vertical Mills - 10.2.1. Flow Pattern of Solid Media in Tower Mills - 10.2.2. Flow Pattern of Slurry in Tower Mills - 10.2.3. Mechanics of Grinding in Tower Mills - 10.2.4. Operation of Vertical Mills - 10.3. Horizontal Disc Mill - IsaMill - 10.3.1. Stress Distribution in IsaMills. Note continued: 10.3.2. Stress Intensities in IsaMills - 10.3.3. Effect of Grinding Media Size on Product Size - 10.3.4. Effect of Grinding Media Hardness on Product Size - 10.3.5. Effect of Grinding Chamber Volume on Stress Distribution and Product Size - 10.3.6. Effect of Power Intensity - 10.3.7. Operation of Horizontal Mills - 10.3.8. Effect of Slurry Density and Rheology on Grinding Efficiency - 10.3.9. Effect of Chemicals on Grinding Efficiency - 10.3.10. Performance of IsaMills - 10.4. Design Testwork - 10.4.1. Metso Jar Mill Test - 10.4.2. IsaMill Signature Plot - 10.5. Problems - References - 11.1. Introduction - 11.2. Basis for Modelling Comminution Systems - 11.2.1. Estimation of the Breakage Function - 11.2.2. Estimation of the Selection Function - 11.3. Mathematical Models of Comminution Processes - 11.3.1. Matrix Model - 11.3.2. Kinetic Model - 11.4. Modelling Crushing and Grinding Systems - 11.4.1. Modelling Jaw and Gyratory Crushers. Note continued: 11.4.2. Modelling Ball Mills - 11.4.3. Modelling Rod Mills - 11.4.4. Modelling AG/SAG Mills - 11.4.5. Modelling High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) - 11.5. Problems - References - 12.1. Introduction - 12.2. Basic Design Features of Screens - 12.2.1. Surface and Aperture - 12.2.2. Types of Screens - 12.2.3. Vibrations and Movement of Straight and Curved Screens - 12.3. Operation of Straight Screens - 12.3.1. Basic Considerations - 12.3.2. Material Balance of a Screen in Operation - 12.3.3. Screen Efficiency and the Tromp Curve - 12.3.4. Bed Depth - 12.4. Capacity and Screen Selection of Straight Screens - 12.5. Operation of Curved Screens - 12.5.1. Capacity of Curved Screens - 12.5.2. Rapid Method to Determine Sieve Bend Size - 12.6. Modelling of the Screening Process - 12.6.1. Two-Process Treatment - 12.6.2. Modelling Sieve Bends - 12.7. Screening and Crushing Circuits - 12.8. Problems - References - 13.1. Introduction. Note continued: 13.2. Design Features of Mechanical Classifiers - 13.2.1. Spiral Classifiers - 13.2.2. Rake Classifiers - 13.2.3. Cone Classifiers - 13.2.4. Bowl Classifiers - 13.3. Designing the Pool Area of Mechanical Classifiers - 13.4. Design Features of Centrifugal Classifiers - 13.4.1. Hydrocyclone Classifiers - 13.5. Operation of Mechanical Classifiers - 13.6. Capacity of Mechanical Classifiers - 13.7. Operation of Centrifugal Classifiers - 13.7.1. Efficiency of Separation in Hydrocyclones - 13.7.2. Effect of Cyclone Variables on Operation - 13.8. Hydrocyclone Models - 13.9. Hydrocyclone Capacity - 13.10. Hydrocyclone Circuits - 13.11. Problems - References - 14.1. Introduction - 14.2. Design Features of Thickeners - 14.3. Thickener Design-Batch Process - 14.4. Thickener Design-Continuous Thickeners - 14.4.1. Estimation of Cross-Sectional Area of Tank - 14.4.2. Determination of Critical Point - 14.4.3. Determination of Settling Flux. Note continued: 14.4.4. Long Tube Method for Estimating Thickener Dimensions - 14.4.5. Estimating Height (Depth) of the Compression Layer - 14.4.6. Estimating the Depth of the Clarifying Zone - 14.4.7. Estimating the Retention Time - 14.5. Operation of Thickeners - 14.6. Thickeners in Circuits - 14.7. Problems - References - 15.1. Introduction - 15.2. Design Features of Filters - 15.2.1. Batch Processes of Filtration - 15.2.2. Continuous Vacuum Filtration - 15.2.3. Design Rating of Filters - 15.3. Operation of Filters - 15.3.1. Constant Pressure Filtration - 15.3.2. Constant Volume Filtration - 15.3.3. Variable Pressure and Variable Volume Filtration - 15.3.4.Compressibility of Deposited Cakes - 15.3.5. Filtration through Compressible Deposits - 15.3.6. Optimum Operation of Filters - 15.4. Capacity of Continuous Vacuum Filters - 15.5. Washing of Deposited Cake - 15.5.1. Displacement Model of Washing - 15.5.2. Diffusion Model of Washing - 15.5.3. Washing Efficiency. Note continued: 15.6. Drying of Deposited Cake - 15.7. Optimum Thickness of Cake - 15.8. Filtering Media - 15.9. Filtering Aids - 15.10. Filtration in Mineral Processing Circuits - 15.11. Problems - References - 16.1. Introduction - 16.2. Particle Settling Rates - 16.2.1. The Effect of Particle Size and Shape - 16.3. Gravity Separation Operations - 16.4. Jigs - 16.4.1. Length of Pulsation Stroke - 16.4.2. Types of Jigs - 16.4.3. Operation of Jigs - 16.5. Differential Motion Table Separators - 16.5.1. Differential Motion Shaking Tables - 16.5.2. Stratification and Hindered Settling - 16.5.3. Operating Parameters - 16.5.4. Types of Tables - 16.6. Flowing Film Concentrators - 16.6.1. Simple Sluice - 16.6.2. Strake Table - 16.6.3. Spiral Concentrator - 16.6.4. Cone-Separators or Reichert Cone - 16.6.5. Centrifugal Separator - 16.6.6. Mozley Multi-Gravity Separator - 16.7. Dense (or Heavy) Media Separation - 16.7.1. Heavy Liquids - 16.7.2. Pseudo Heavy Liquids. Note continued: 16.7.3. Types of Dense Medium Separators - 16.7.4.Comparison of Dense Medium Separators and Jigs in Coal Processing - 16.8. Gravity Separation Performance - 16.8.1. Sink-Float Analysis - 16.8.2. Washability Curves - 16.8.3. Tromp Curves - 16.8.4. Sink-Float Alternatives - 16.9. Problems - References - 17.1. Introduction - 17.2. Atomic Theory of Magnetism - 17.3. Types of Magnetism in Minerals - 17.3.1. Paramagnetism - 17.3.2. Diamagnetism - 17.3.3. Ferromagnetism - 17.3.4. Ferrimagnetism and Antiferromagnetism - 17.4. Magnetic Properties of Some Selected Commercial Minerals - 17.4.1. Iron Sulphide Minerals - 17.4.2. Iron Oxide Minerals - 17.4.3. Titanium Oxide Minerals - 17.4.4. Copper Sulphide Minerals - 17.4.5. Chrome Spinels - 17.4.6. Rare Earths - 17.5. Industrial Roll Design and Methods of Magnetic Separation of Minerals - 17.5.1. Roll Designs and Force Distribution on Roll Surface - 17.5.2. Magnetic Rolls and Wet Mineral Separation. Note continued: 17.6. Electrical Conductivity of Minerals - 17.6.1. Band Theory of Conductivity - 17.6.2. Conductivity and Mobility of Electrons in Minerals - 17.6.3. Semi-Conducting Minerals and Junction Potential - 17.7. Electrostatic Forces and Mineral Separation - 17.7.1. Contact or Frictional Charging (Triboelectric Effect) - 17.7.2. Conductance Charging - 17.7.3. High Tension or Ion Bombardment Charging - 17.8. Practical Separation Units - 17.8.1. Triboelectric Charging - 17.8.2. Conductance Charging - 17.8.3. Charging by Corona Discharge and Ion Bombardment - 17.8.4. Dielectrophoretic and Electrophoretic Forces and Mineral Particle Separation - References - 18.1. Introduction - 18.2. Flotation Reagents - 18.2.1. Collectors - 18.2.2. Frothers - 18.2.3. Modifiers - 18.3. Flotation Equipment - 18.3.1. Mechanical Flotation Cells - 18.3.2. Pneumatic Flotation Cells - 18.3.3. Laboratory Flotation Machines - 18.3.4. Flotation Cell Requirements. Note continued: 18.4. Flotation Circuits - 18.5. Flotation Kinetics - 18.5.1. Batch Flotation - 18.5.2. First-Order Rate Equation - 18.5.3. Second-Order Rate Equation - 18.5.4. Non-Integral Order - 18.5.5. Experimental Results - 18.5.6. Continuous Flotation - 18.5.7. Laboratory