Limno-Ecological Changes That Influenced Peridinium Decline and Cyanobacteria Enhancement in Lake Kinneret, Israel
<p>Lake Kinneret is the only natural freshwater lake in Israel. The lake and its headwaters are utilized for approximately 26% of the national water budget, including supply, commercial fishery, recreation, and tourism. The water quality of Lake Kinneret is, therefore, a national concern. The area o...
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| Formato: | Capítulo de libro |
| Lenguaje: | inglés |
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IntechOpen
2025
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1232607 |
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| Sumario: | <p>Lake Kinneret is the only natural freshwater lake in Israel. The lake and its headwaters are utilized for approximately 26% of the national water budget, including supply, commercial fishery, recreation, and tourism. The water quality of Lake Kinneret is, therefore, a national concern. The area of the Kinneret drainage basin is 2,730 km<sup>2</sup> of which the entire Hula Valley is about 200 km<sup>2</sup>. Three major headwater rivers flow southward and jointly create the Jordan River, which then flows into Lake Kinneret. The Jordan River contributes approximately 63% of the Kinneret water budget and more than 50% of the total external nutrient inputs, which are critical for algal growth. In the 1950s, the wetland and old Lake Hula were drained, and the land was converted from a natural ecosystem habitat to agricultural development. Before drainage, the Hula wetlands area was densely covered by submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation, and its water cover was mostly anoxic, containing ammonium, with no nitrates detected. Until the late 1990s, the Kinneret phytoplankton communities were predominantly dominated by Pyrrhophyta (<em><italic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">Peridinium sp.</italic></em>), but later, cyanobacteria took over, leading to deteriorating water quality. The historical record of the N<sub>2</sub>-fixing toxic cyanobacterium, <em><italic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">Aphanizomenon ovalisporum,</italic></em> blooming signaled a warning of water quality deterioration. Evaluation of long-term data records of lake and watershed nutrient dynamics investigates the upheaval of phytoplankton assemblage composition change in the lake.</p> |
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| ISBN: | 978-0-85014-924-1 |
| DOI: | 10.5772/intechopen.1012204 |