Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances
<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. There were approximately 865000 new cases and 758000 new deaths from HCC globally in 2022, with a projected 77% increase in cases by 2050. Based on landmark clinical trials, such as IMbrave150, H...
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| Formato: | Capítulo de libro |
| Lenguaje: | inglés |
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IntechOpen
2026
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| Acceso en línea: | https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1237170 |
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| _version_ | 1879164888862949376 |
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| author | Wang, Boya Dong, Liyan Zou, Deli Qi, Xingshun |
| author_browse | Dong, Liyan Qi, Xingshun Wang, Boya Zou, Deli |
| author_facet | Wang, Boya Dong, Liyan Zou, Deli Qi, Xingshun |
| author_sort | Wang, Boya |
| building | IntechOpen |
| collection | Acceso abierto |
| description | <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. There were approximately 865000 new cases and 758000 new deaths from HCC globally in 2022, with a projected 77% increase in cases by 2050. Based on landmark clinical trials, such as IMbrave150, HIMALAYA and CheckMate-9DW, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape of advanced HCC. This chapter systematically reviews clinical evidence from major trials evaluating ICIs as monotherapy and in combination with other regimens, such as dual checkpoint blockade (e.g. nivolumab plus ipilimumab, durvalumab plus tremelimumab) and anti-angiogenic combinations (e.g. atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, camrelizumab plus apatinib), by searching the PubMed and Embase databases. Improvements in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rates (ORR) have been demonstrated in selected patient populations, including those with viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) etiologies. Emerging agents, such as tislelizumab, penpulimab, toripalimab, sintilimab, cadonilimab (PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific), and tiragolumab (TIGIT inhibitor), show promising activity. Finally, it discusses the current challenges regarding ICIs for the treatment of HCC, such as adverse events (including hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression), immune resistance mechanisms involving cancer stem cells, the need for larger randomized controlled trails to optimize patient selection and combination, and high costs. Future directions include refining dual-ICI regimens and investigating novel targets like LAG-3 and TIGIT to further enhance antitumor immunity.</p> |
| doi_str_mv | 10.5772/intechopen.1015672 |
| first_indexed | 2026-10-15T21:41:30Z |
| format | Book Chapter |
| fullrecord | <oai_dc:dc xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"><identifier>intech-1237170</identifier><datestamp>2026-06-11</datestamp>
<dc:title>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Boya Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyan Dong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deli Zou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xingshun Qi</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>Health Sciences</dc:subject>
<dc:description><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. There were approximately 865000 new cases and 758000 new deaths from HCC globally in 2022, with a projected 77% increase in cases by 2050. Based on landmark clinical trials, such as IMbrave150, HIMALAYA and CheckMate-9DW, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape of advanced HCC. This chapter systematically reviews clinical evidence from major trials evaluating ICIs as monotherapy and in combination with other regimens, such as dual checkpoint blockade (e.g. nivolumab plus ipilimumab, durvalumab plus tremelimumab) and anti-angiogenic combinations (e.g. atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, camrelizumab plus apatinib), by searching the PubMed and Embase databases. Improvements in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rates (ORR) have been demonstrated in selected patient populations, including those with viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) etiologies. Emerging agents, such as tislelizumab, penpulimab, toripalimab, sintilimab, cadonilimab (PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific), and tiragolumab (TIGIT inhibitor), show promising activity. Finally, it discusses the current challenges regarding ICIs for the treatment of HCC, such as adverse events (including hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression), immune resistance mechanisms involving cancer stem cells, the need for larger randomized controlled trails to optimize patient selection and combination, and high costs. Future directions include refining dual-ICI regimens and investigating novel targets like LAG-3 and TIGIT to further enhance antitumor immunity.</p></dc:description>
<dc:publisher>IntechOpen</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2026-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:type>Chapter, Part Of Book</dc:type>
<dc:identifier>https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1237170</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.5772/intechopen.1015672</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:relation>ISBN:978-1-80631-118-7</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</dc:rights>
<dc:source>https://www.intechopen.com/books/1004856 ; Liver Cancer - Recent Advances in 2026</dc:source>
</oai_dc:dc> |
| id | intech-1237170 |
| institution | IntechOpen |
| isbn | 978-1-80631-118-7 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-10-15T21:41:30Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| publisher | IntechOpen |
| publisherStr | IntechOpen |
| record_format | oai_dc |
| spelling | intech-12371702026-06-11 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances Boya Wang Liyan Dong Deli Zou Xingshun Qi Health Sciences <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. There were approximately 865000 new cases and 758000 new deaths from HCC globally in 2022, with a projected 77% increase in cases by 2050. Based on landmark clinical trials, such as IMbrave150, HIMALAYA and CheckMate-9DW, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape of advanced HCC. This chapter systematically reviews clinical evidence from major trials evaluating ICIs as monotherapy and in combination with other regimens, such as dual checkpoint blockade (e.g. nivolumab plus ipilimumab, durvalumab plus tremelimumab) and anti-angiogenic combinations (e.g. atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, camrelizumab plus apatinib), by searching the PubMed and Embase databases. Improvements in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rates (ORR) have been demonstrated in selected patient populations, including those with viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) etiologies. Emerging agents, such as tislelizumab, penpulimab, toripalimab, sintilimab, cadonilimab (PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific), and tiragolumab (TIGIT inhibitor), show promising activity. Finally, it discusses the current challenges regarding ICIs for the treatment of HCC, such as adverse events (including hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression), immune resistance mechanisms involving cancer stem cells, the need for larger randomized controlled trails to optimize patient selection and combination, and high costs. Future directions include refining dual-ICI regimens and investigating novel targets like LAG-3 and TIGIT to further enhance antitumor immunity.</p> IntechOpen 2026-06-11 Chapter, Part Of Book https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1237170 doi:10.5772/intechopen.1015672 en ISBN:978-1-80631-118-7 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ https://www.intechopen.com/books/1004856 ; Liver Cancer - Recent Advances in 2026 |
| spellingShingle | Health Sciences Wang, Boya Dong, Liyan Zou, Deli Qi, Xingshun Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title_full | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title_fullStr | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title_short | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances |
| title_sort | immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma recent advances |
| topic | Health Sciences |
| url | https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1237170 |
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